Leadership Principle Praise Later or Praise First - Free Essay Example

Leadership Principle: Praise Later or Praise First? Relationship between Praise and Compliance Findings show that various characteristics of the condition, flatterer, and receiver perform significant roles in the relationship, and several theories try to clarify how flattery influences behavior (Garcia, Miller, Smith, Mackie, 2006). A review of research on praise, flattery, and ingratiation presents a stronger understanding of the behavior in which praise stimulates compliance, the factors mediating this relationship in the employees. Evidence reveals praise may enhance compliant behavior because it promotes liking for the flatterer (Kipnis, Vanderveer, 1971). A literature said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“we are phenomenal suckers for flattery we tend, as a rule, to believe praise and to like those who provide ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Cialdini, 2009). Praise Later Experimental evidence recommends sequencing may be complex. Beginning with praise might benefit a leader grow relationship and be better liked, as relationship may promote enjoyable communications and good individual connections (Campbell, Davis, 2006). Although, should praise always occur first? Obtaining negative statements followed by flattering ones causes in more liking than overhearing all positive comments. And, when people realise recognition a criticism-praise sequence, praise may only be seen as an sign that criticism will follow and hold little positive value (Kay, Meyer, 1965; Tognoli, Keisner, 1972). One of the studies stated that the use of praise does not appear to achieve greatly by the manager. This may have been because of the point that, generally, praise used by manager did not seem too recognised by the employees as genuine praise. The employees probably started to recognise the criticism-praise-criticism pattern (Kay, Meyer, 1965). One finding stated that the superior liking was obtained in the negative-positive than the positive-positive situation (Tognoli, Keisner, 1 972). Praise First Dale Carnegieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self-help book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How to Win Friends Influence People books was initially printed in 1937. It was an instant success, ultimately selling 15 million copies (Allitt, 2003). Many studies support Carnegieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recommendation, showing that praises increase compliance (Hendrick, Borden, Giesen, Murray, Seyfried, 1972). A literature found adulation to be a successful strategy for acquiring people to complete and return long surveys (Hendrick et al., 1972). An another literature revealed that even tiny compliments boosted the probability people would fulfil with a request to contribute in a bake sale (Howard, Gengler, Jain, 1995). When praise accelerates liking, it seems to accordingly improve convincing power. According to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“liking rule,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  people are more competent to obey with requests approaching from friends or other liked individuals. Since likability can increase oneà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capability to persuade compliance in others, this attribute has been recognised as essentially significant for leadership (Cialdini, 2009). Positive affect may boost compliance by reducing the amount of complex analysis people choose to engage in. Several studies on persuasion indicate that the strength of an argument carries less weight in influencing happy people than people in neutral or sad moods (Bless, Bohner, Schwarz, Strack, 1990). A literature theorize that people in good moods, who assume the environment to be kind, may be more likely to obey because they are comfortable depend on typical knowledge structures (Bless et al., 1990). Analysis According to studies stated that flattery does not influence all employees equally (Garcia et al., 2006), managers also require to consider to whom the flattery is being instructed. For instance, ethnicity seems to perform a function in flattery perceptions (Garcia et al., 2006). When flattery carries a stereotype o f the flattered personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ethnic group (e. g., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Blacks sure are good dancersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ), the praise inclines to accumulate negative reactions (Garcia et al., 2006). Self-confidence is another possibly significant issue influencing ingratiation, with low self-confidence individuals more often realising flattery to be inaccurate as compared to those with high self-confidence (Vonk, 2002). Generally, I agree with Carnegieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Praise First principle. Flattery seems to increase compliance. Accurately how and when, nonetheless, is still not completely comprehended. Study shows that characteristics of the situation, flatterer, and receiver can develop or weaken the praiseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"compliance connection, representing that continued study of these elements is crucial for Carnegieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Praise First principle to be efficiently affected across various groups of people and organizational backgrounds. For limitation, t his book was clearly written by an American for an American audience. The principle might not appropriate to the other cultures such as European and Asian. The audience should apply the principle properly in different cultures. Appendix A: Personal Development I graduated from a quite well-known university with acceptable grades in bachelor degree, even though I had a rough time finding a full-time job. I applied for six companies, and five of them invited me to the interview. I was fairly confident that I was the special one. Although, unfortunately, I was rejected by all the five companies which invited me to the interview. I did prepare to answer the basic interview questions plus studying the particular firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ history. Firstly, I blamed the companies that they were foolish. They should have accepted the person like me. I kept blaming until my friend with lower grades got accepted in the company rejected me. Subsequently, I realised there was something wron g with myself. I had to change. I found a book called How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie. I dare to say that this book has changed my life in every aspect, especially the theory called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Getting People to Like Youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carnegie, 2010). The concept is quite simple. If you want to be liked by other people, think about other people think, speak what they want to hear and make the other person feel important. In other words, you can just praise them and they feel more compliant (Hendrick et al., 1972). I used to be fairly argumentative and self-centred. I tried to stick to the Praise First principle in the theory, and eventually I noticed that people become more co-operative, approachable, and honestly appreciate me. I wholeheartedly trust this theory because it helped me to survive in the extremely tough situation. I got caught by bringing an extra note in the final examination in my home country while I was doing an undergraduate sc hool. I was told by the examiner that I was going to fail in that module and being punished hard. I did not argue or fight anything while the examiner pulled my exam paper. Then, I went to the examiner office then I told the examiner that I sincerely accept my own fault. I did not argue that I bought the note in the room and I genuinely told her that you did an excellent job by not letting student cheat in the examination. We had a one hour talk, then she told me that she would let me survive this time. I did not except that she would let me pass, but if I did argue with her. I would be a really bad situation. I praised the examiner and I did not argue anything. I put the meeting in the positive environment. I influenced and persuaded the examiner to agree with me while she was in the good mood (Bless et al., 1990). Thanks to the How to Win Friends and Influence People. In my future career plan, no matter what job I will be doing, I would like to understand and influence people i n the organization. Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢m going to put myself in ones shoes. I believe this logic would lead me to the successful in my career plan no matter the field you are in. Appendix B: Personal Development Map References Allitt, P., 2003 How to Win Friends and Influence People. Dictionary of American History. Bless, H., Bohner, G., Schwarz, N., Strack, F., 1990 Mood and Persuasion: A Cognitive Response Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2), 331-345. Campbell, K.S., Davis, L., 2006 The Sociolinguistic Basis of Managing Rapport When Overcoming Buying Objections. Journal of Business Communication, 43(1), 43-66. Carnegie, D., 2010 How To Win Friends and Influence People: Simon Schuster. Cialdini, R.B., 2009 Influence: HarperCollins. Garcia, A.L., Miller, D.A., Smith, E.R., Mackie, D.M., 2006 Thanks for the Compliment? Emotional Reactions to Group-Level Versus Individual-Level Compliments and Insults. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 9(3), 307-324. Hendrick, C., Borden, R., Giesen, M., Murray, E., Seyfried, B.A., 1972 Effectiveness of ingratiation tactics in a cover letter on mail questionnaire response. Psychonomic Science, 26(6), 349-351. Howard, D.J., Gengler, C., Jain, A., 1995 Whats in a Name? A Complimentary Means of Persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(2), 200-211. Kay, E., Meyer, H.H., 1965 Effects of threat in a performance appraisal interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(5), 311-317. Kipnis, D., Vanderveer, R., 1971 Ingratiation and the use of power. J Pers Soc Psychol, 17(3), 280-286. Tognoli, J., Keisner, R., 1972 Gain and loss of esteem as determinants of interpersonal attraction: A replication and extension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23(2), 201-204. Vonk, R., 2002 Self-serving interpretations of flattery: Why ingratiation works. 82:515-526. [Online] Available from: https://0-dx.doi.org.innopac.up.ac.za/10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.515. 1

Mirrors and Madness in Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea - Literature Essay Samples

Poscolonial narratives and rewritings attempt to deal with minority responses by recovering their untold stories as a result of European colonization (Reavis). This literature addresses the problems and consequences of the decolonization of a country and individual responses to issues of imperialism and racialism. Jean Rhys takes on the task of giving a voice to historically silenced characters in her novel Wide Sargasso Sea, a precursor story to Bronte’s Jane Eyre from the perspective of Mr. Rochester’s mad and seemingly bestial wife Bertha Mason, whose given name is revealed to be Antoinette Cosway. Throughout the novel Rhys employs various symbols to convey the concept of â€Å"the other† along with themes of social and cultural identity, entrapment, and ecocriticism to reflect the psyches and experiences of the characters. Rhys uses the concept of mirrors in particular throughout Wide Sargasso Sea to symbolize Antoinette’s double identity, madness, and ultimately deteriorated selfhood under a system of patriarchal oppression. Mirrors initially play a large part in Antoinette’s chaotic childhood to convey her double identity and fluidity between social groups. In a pivotal scene when the Jamaican natives siege Antoinette’s home at Coulibri Estate, Antoinette uses her passive and poetic rhetoric to describe an otherwise disastrous situation. When she and her family finally get out of their burning home, Antoinette alludes to mirrors as she runs toward her childhood friend Tia: â€Å"When I was close I saw the jagged stone in her hand but I did not see her throw it. I did not feel it either, only something wet, running down my face. I looked at her and I saw her face crumple up as she began to cry. We stared at each other, blood on my face, tears on hers. It was as if I saw myself. Like in a looking-glass† (Rhys 45). This scene, fraught with intensity and emotion, serves as an interesting juxtaposition of two different female experiences. Antoinette, a white Creole girl living in Spanish Town, Jamaica in the midst of post slavery illegalization, often refers to herself as a â€Å"white cockroach.† Throughout her narrative, she fails to belong to any one social group, as she cannot relate to the black residents of Spanish Town but is also too â€Å"exotic† to fit into any component of English culture. Tia serves as her double in a significant way, and as a reflection of Antoinette, she acts out the anger and grief Antoinette ultimately seeks to express but from the other side of the mirror of racial separation. Tia is an image of an identity Antoinette longs to be her own: a black woman with a sense of belonging, not a white Creole woman strung in between any true community. The concept of the looking glass and Tia as a double seems to iterate what Antoinette knows, that she will never find the sense of belonging or identity that she wants for herself. As Antoinette’s madness develops, mirrors reflect her alienation from any sense of identity. Part Three of the novel is a frightening culmination of Antoinette’s psychosis through seclusion that poses the question of whether her madness is intrinsic or just a consequence of her poisonous treatment and history. Annette, Antoinette’s mother, despite her short appearance in the novel, had a habit of constantly looking for her own reflection in the mirror. Antoinette adopts this part of her mother, perhaps indicating their shared need to be seen in a world that neither invites nor accepts them. When Rochester puts Antoinette in the attic, he further amplifies her madness by making her isolated and disconnected. In rhetoric constantly jumping between the past and present, she describes her mirrorless prison when she says, â€Å"There is no looking-glass here and I don’t know what I am like now. I remember watching myself brush my hair and how my eyes looked ba ck at me. The girl I saw was myself yet not quite myself. Long ago when I was a child and very lonely I tried to kiss her. But the glass was between us – hard, cold and misted over with my break† (Rhys 182). Even when Antoinette had access to a mirror, her sense of isolation and alienation from her image demonstrates her general lack of selfhood. As a child, Antoinette tries to kiss her image in the mirror as if to unite the two halves of her cultural identity but is met by the cold glass. By calling her the wrong name and not giving her a mirror, Rochester seeks to erase her most fundamental sense of existence. However, by the time she lives in the Thornfield attic, her madness has become her identity more than anything else. The lack of mirrors and Antoinette’s lifelong desire to close the gap between two cultural identities serve to personify her madness in this passage and accounts for her inability to fully grasp reality. Finally, mirrors serve as a means to reflect Antoinette’s deteriorated, colonized self as a result of patriarchal oppression. Her identity has experienced an irreversible split, which is evident in Part Three when she escapes from the attic and woefully explores Thornfield. She describes her encounter with a mirror in a dream-like trance: â€Å"I went into the hall again with the tall candle in my hand. It was then that I saw her – the ghost. The woman with streaming hair. She was surrounded by a gilt frame but I knew her. I dropped the candle I was carrying and it caught the end of the tablecloth and I saw flames shoot up. As I ran or perhaps floated or flew I called help me Christophine help me and looking behind me I saw that I had been helped† (Rhys 188-189). Rhys illustrates how Antoinette’s identity is so diminished through her oppression and entrapment that when she looks in the mirror in this pivotal and traumatically poetic scene she does not qui te recognize her reflection. The use of the mirror itself, an impenetrable wall of separation, represents patriarchal judgment, and Antoinette believes she has seen a ghost-like woman with streaming hair, but she is a stranger to herself and does not recognize her identity as Bertha Mason (Sarvan). Her selfhood has undergone an irreversible split in which she will not recover from. In the same way that Tia was previously her mirror image and â€Å"dark double,† Antoinette seeks to destroy Bertha, her other self, and Thornfield, a manifestation of her patriarchal imprisonment. Rhys uses mirrors throughout Wide Sargasso Sea to embody Antoinette’s double identity, mental break, and deteriorated identity under systematic patriarchal imprisonment. In a conversation with Rochester in Part Two, Antoinette pleads with her husband to listen to her story and consider her side when she says, â€Å"There is always the other side, always† (Rhys). In the same way that the mirror acts as third space for Antoinette’s mental deterioration, Wide Sargasso Sea is a third space that allows for the enunciation of the other in which Rhys locates the racial and feminist struggle of Antoinette (Reavis). Apparent through the mirror and an intimate look into Antoinette’s mind, Rhys entraps the reader and creates compassion for a woman whose helplessness through patriarchal oppression is often remarkably familiar. Works Cited Reavis, Serena. Myself Yet Not Quite Myself: Jane Eyre, Wide Sargasso Sea, and a Third Space of Enunciation. 2005. University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Document. 4 May 2016. . Rhys, Jean. Wide Sargasso Sea. New York: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 1982. Print. Sarvan, Charles. Flight, Entrapment, and Madness in Jean Rhyss Wide Sargasso Sea. International Fiction Review January 1999: 58-65. Journal Article.